Information for students about bacteria and virus

What are viruses?

Viruses are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They can't multiply on their own, so they have to invade a 'host' cell and take over its machinery in order to be able to make more virus particles.

Viruses consist of genetic materials (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective coat of protein. They are capable of latching onto cells and getting inside them.

The cells of the mucous membranes, such as those lining the respiratory passages that we breathe through, are particularly open to virus attacks because they are not covered by protective skin.

What are bacteria?

Bacteria are organisms made up of just one cell. They are capable of multiplying by themselves, as they have the power to divide. Their shapes vary, and doctors use these characteristics to separate them into groups.

Bacteria exist everywhere, inside and on our bodies. Most of them are completely harmless and some of them are very useful.

But some bacteria can cause diseases, either because they end up in the wrong place in the body or simply because they are 'designed' to invade us.

How are infections with viruses and bacteria spread?

Viral and bacterial infections are both spread in basically the same ways.

• A person with a cold can spread the infection by coughing and/or sneezing.
• Bacteria or viruses can be passed on by touching or shaking hands with another person.
• Touching food with dirty hands will also allow viruses or bacteria from the intestine to spread.
• Body fluids, such as blood, saliva and semen, can contain the infecting organisms and transmission of such fluids, for example by injection or sexual contact, is important, particularly for viral infections like hepatitis or AIDS.

How to avoid infection

• Wash your hands thoroughly (often one of the best ways to avoid catching a cold).
• Shaking hands with someone who has a cold is risky, so avoid rubbing your eyes or nose afterwards.
• Food should be cooked or cooled down as quickly as possible.
• Vegetables and meat must be stored separately and prepared on separate chopping boards.
• Meat should preferably be served well-done.
• Remember that food with these invisible organisms does not necessarily smell bad.
• Some organisms are killed as the food is cooked, but they can still leave toxic substances that may cause diarrhoea and vomiting.
• The use of condoms during sexual intercourse reduces the likelihood of spreading sexually transmitted diseases.

How can the doctor treat bacterial infections?

Bacterial infections are usually treated with a special antibiotic, which only kills the bacterium that has caused the disease.
To make sure that you get the right treatment, your doctor may take a sample, for example a swab from the throat or a urine sample.

Information for students about Bullying in school

Bullying in Schools

By Ron Banks — Educational Resource Information Center (U.S. Department of Education)

Updated on Jul 15, 2013

Bullying in schools is a worldwide problem that can have negative consequences for the general school climate and for the right of students to learn in a safe environment without fear. Bullying can also have negative lifelong consequences—both for students who bully and for their victims. Although much of the formal research on bullying has taken place in the Scandinavian countries, Great Britain, and Japan, the problems associated with bullying have been noted and discussed wherever formal schooling environments exist.

Bullying is comprised of direct behaviors such as teasing, taunting, threatening, hitting, and stealing that are initiated by one or more students against a victim. In addition to direct attacks, bullying may also be more indirect by causing a student to be socially isolated through intentional exclusion. While boys typically engage in direct bullying methods, girls who bully are more apt to utilize these more subtle indirect strategies, such as spreading rumors and enforcing social isolation (Ahmad & Smith, 1994; Smith & Sharp, 1994). Whether the bullying is direct or indirect, the key component of bullying is that the physical or psychological intimidation occurs repeatedly over time to create an ongoing pattern of harassment and abuse (Batsche & Knoff, 1994; Olweus, 1993).

Worksheet for grade 5 students about comouflage

Do you know? Some animals use their colour and shape to help them hide and keep safe from danger. The ability to match with the environment is a special feature of some animals. This is called camouflage. It helps animals to find food and defends themselves from enemies. Predators are animals who hunt other animals for their foods. Animals that get killed or hunted by other are called prey.eg, Octopus eat crab. Examples of animals that camouflage:       A comma butterfly looks like a dead leaf when its wings are folded. But when its wings are open, it looks quit different.     Grasshopper has a thin, green body and thin, green legs that help it to hide in the grass.     The Indian glass fish have no colour at al. you can see through them. This is one of the ways that sea animals can hide.

Colour changing Some animals are capable of rapid colour changes. Example:Flatfish have flat bodies that do not make a shadow when they are lying on the sea bed. Flatfish can also change the patterns on  their skin to match colours on the sea bed. This makes it even harder to spot them.

Disruptive colouration This is a way of confusing the eye. It breaks up the solid outline of an animal’s body so that it is harder to see and recognize. Example: Snow geese have white feathers. This makes it very hard to see snow geese when they land in the snow

Background matching This type of camouflage the animal and its surroundings are almost the same colour. Example: A woodcock builds its nest among dead leaves. The colours of the woodcock’s feathers are the the same as the colours of the leaves. this means that when a woodcock is sitting on its nest, it is almost invisible.

 Answer these Questions by reading the information above

1)What is camouflage?

2)How does camouflage helps the animals?

3)What are prey and predators?

4)Name three type of camouflage?

5)Explain one type of camouflage with one example?

vedio of animal cell

Home work for studens . Look at the cross section of animal cell and make clay model of it

Solarsystem

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/